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<title>Spaceport</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spaceport</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Spaceport_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceport (museum)">Spaceport (museum)</a>, <a href="List_of_launch_complexes" title="List of launch complexes">List of launch complexes</a>, <a href="Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a>, and <a href="List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">List of rocket launch sites</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Cosmodome" title="Cosmodome">Cosmodome</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Space probes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraterrestrial_habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial habitation">Habitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space telescopes">Telescopes</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Crewed spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

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<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsules</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

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<li><a href="Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spaceflight types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_space_forces%2C_units%2C_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ASpaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>A <b>spaceport</b> or <b>cosmodrome</b> is a site for launching or receiving <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, by analogy to a <a href="Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> for ships or an <a href="Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> for aircraft. The word <i>spaceport</i>—and even more so <i>cosmodrome</i>—has traditionally referred to sites capable of launching spacecraft into <a href="Earth's_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth orbit</a> or on interplanetary trajectories.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rocket launch sites for <a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflights</a> are also sometimes called spaceports, especially as new and proposed facilities for suborbital <a href="Commercial_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial spaceflight">commercial spaceflight</a> are often branded as "spaceports." <a href="Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a> and proposed future lunar bases are also sometimes referred to as spaceports, particularly when envisioned as nodes for further interplanetary travel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Spaceports are evolving beyond traditional government-run complexes into multi-functional aerospace hubs, increasingly driven by <a href="Private_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private companies">private companies</a> such as <a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, <a href="Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>, and <a href="Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>. A prominent example is <a href="SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a>, a private spaceport operated by SpaceX in <a href="Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica, Texas</a>. Starbase serves as the primary development and launch site for <a href="SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>, a fully reusable spacecraft designed for missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The facility includes rocket production, launch, and landing infrastructure, and in May 2025, it was officially incorporated as a <a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> in Texas—marking the first time a spaceport has become its own city. Starbase is now both a spaceport and a small residential and industrial community, primarily supporting SpaceX operations.

</p><p>The term <a href="Rocket_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch site">rocket launch site</a> refers more broadly to any facility from which rockets are launched. Such facilities typically include one or more <a href="Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">launch pads</a>, often surrounded by a safety buffer called a rocket range or missile range, which includes the area rockets are expected to fly over and where components may land. These sites may also include <a href="Tracking_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking station">tracking stations</a> to monitor launch progress.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Major spaceports often feature multiple launch complexes, adapted for different <a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> types. For rockets using <a href="Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid propellants</a>, storage and sometimes production facilities are necessary, while <a href="Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">solid propellant</a> operations often include on-site processing. Some spaceports also incorporate <a href="Runway" title="Runway">runways</a> to support <b><a href="Horizontal_Take-Off_and_Landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal Take-Off and Landing">horizontal takeoff and landing (HTHL)</a></b> or <b>horizontal takeoff and vertical landing (HTVL)</b> vehicles.

</p><p>In January 2025, traffic congestion was reported at U.S. rocket-launch sites due to the rising number of launches, primarily from companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic. Three sites in <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="California" title="California">California</a> currently handle most U.S. rocket launches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first <a href="Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> to reach space were <a href="V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a> launched from <a href="Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1944 during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, 70 complete V-2 rockets were brought to <a href="White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands</a> for test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches, the <a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in southern <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955. It achieved the first orbital flight (<a href="Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>) in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret. Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only after <a href="Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> planes had identified the site by following railway lines in the <a href="Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a>, although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space (<a href="Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>) in 1961. The launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly called <a href="Gagarin's_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Gagarin's Start</a>. Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan.

</p><p>In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of uncrewed flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out at <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>. For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport, <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, was constructed, and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface (<a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>) in July 1969. It was the base for all <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> launches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, see <a href="List_of_Cape_Canaveral_and_Merritt_Island_launch_sites" title="List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites">List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> in Kourou, French Guiana, is France's spaceport, with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator.

</p><p>In October 2003 the <a href="Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center</a> achieved the first Chinese human spaceflight.

</p><p>Breaking with tradition, in June 2004 on a runway at <a href="Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Air and Space Port</a>, California, a human was for the first time launched to space in a <a href="Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">privately</a> funded, suborbital spaceflight, that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights. The spacecraft, <a href="SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>, was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally.

</p><p>At Cape Canaveral, <a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> in 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div>

<p>Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near the <a href="Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> in an easterly direction, as this maximizes use of the <a href="Earth's_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotational</a> speed (465 m/s at the equator). Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at a <a href="Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. For <a href="Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbits</a> and <a href="Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbits</a> this does not apply.

</p><p>In principle, advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate. However, altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of the <a href="Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a> for a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontal <a href="Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a>. The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually off-set the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain.

</p><p>Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations, such as <a href="Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> ranges, which are not always physically ideal sites for launch.

</p><p>A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to not inconvenience their inhabitants with <a href="Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> and other undesired industrial activity, as well as mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure. In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas, be it by staging or an in-flight failure. Typically a spaceport site is large enough that, should a vehicle explode, it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Planned sites of spaceports for <a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital</a> tourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure, including runways. The nature of the local view from 100 km (62 mi) altitude is also a factor to consider.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_tourism">Space tourism</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> industry (see <a href="List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">List of private spaceflight companies</a>) is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide. e.g. <a href="Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a>, New Mexico.

</p><p>The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues, which are only beginning to be addressed. For example, in Virginia, spaceflight companies are not liable for any accidents in spaceflight, as long as such a warning is displayed to the passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_Spaceport_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia_Spaceport-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="With_achieved_vertical_launches_of_humans">With achieved vertical launches of humans</h2></div>

<p>The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space (more than 100 km (62 mi) altitude). The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch.

</p>

<th>Spaceport

</th>

<th>Launch<br>complex

</th>

<th>Launcher

</th>

<th>Spacecraft

</th>

<th>Flights

</th>

<th>Years

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="10"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Baikonur_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baikonur-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Vostok_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok spacecraft">Vostok</a> 1–6

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">6 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1961–1963

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Voskhod_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskhod spacecraft">Voskhod</a> 1–2

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">2 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1964–1965

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a>, <a href="Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">Soyuz-U</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> 1–40 †

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">37 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1967–1981

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_7K-T_No.39" title="Soyuz 7K-T No.39">Soyuz</a> 18a

</td>

</td>

<td>1975

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">Soyuz-U</a>, <a href="Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">Soyuz-U2</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-T" title="Soyuz-T">Soyuz-T</a> 2–15

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">14 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1980–1986

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">Soyuz-U</a>, <a href="Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">Soyuz-U2</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a> 2–34

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">33 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1987–2002

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">Soyuz-FG</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a> 1–22

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">22 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2002–2011

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">Soyuz-FG</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_TMA-M" title="Soyuz TMA-M">Soyuz TMA-M</a> 1–20

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">20 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2010–2016

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">Soyuz-FG</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_MS" title="Soyuz MS">Soyuz MS</a> 1–9, 11–13, 15

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">13 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2016–2019

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Soyuz_MS" title="Soyuz MS">Soyuz MS</a> 16–22, 24

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">8 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2020–

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="6"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Redstone_(rocket_family)" title="Redstone (rocket family)">Redstone</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> 3–4

</td>

</td>

<td>1961

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> 6–9

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">4 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1962–1963

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> 3–12

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">10 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1965–1966

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo</a> 7

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1968

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2024–

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2024-

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="4"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apollo_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo</a> 8–17

</td>

</td>

<td>1968–1972

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> 2–4, <a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">4 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1973–1975

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">STS</a> 1-135‡

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">134 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>1981–2011

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">11 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2020–

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">Long March 2F</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Shenzhou_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou spacecraft">Shenzhou</a> 5–7, 9–17

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">12 <a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

</td>

<td>2003–

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Corn_Ranch" title="Corn Ranch">Corn Ranch</a>

</td>

<td>Launch Site One

</td>

<td><a href="New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>

</td>

<td><a href="New_Shepard_Crew_Capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="New Shepard Crew Capsule">New Shepard</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>2021–

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>† Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted (<a href="Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a>, <a href="Soyuz_20" title="Soyuz 20">Soyuz 20</a>, <a href="Soyuz_34" title="Soyuz 34">Soyuz 34</a>).

</p><p>‡ <a href="STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> (<i><a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Challenger</a></i>) failed to reach orbit and is not counted. <a href="STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a> (<i><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Columbia</a></i>) reached orbit and is therefore included in the count (disaster struck on re-entry).

</p><p><b>Crewed Missions failed to reach</b> <b>Kármán line:</b>

</p><p><a href="Soyuz_7K-ST_No.16L" title="Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L">Soyuz T-10a</a> (1983)

</p><p><a href="STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> (1986)

</p><p><a href="Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">Soyuz MS-10</a> (2018)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="With_achieved_satellite_launches">With achieved satellite launches</h2></div>

<p>The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit. The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion. The first column gives the geographical location. Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column. A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites.

</p>

<th>Spaceport

</th>

<th>Location

</th>

<th>Years<br>(orbital)

</th>

<th>Launches<br>to orbit<br> or inter-<br>planetary

</th>

<th>Launch vehicles<br>(operators)

</th>

<th>Sources

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Baikonur_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baikonur-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Kazakhstan

</td>

<td>1957–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a>/<a href="Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a>, <a href="Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a>, <a href="Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a>, <a href="Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a>, <a href="Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a>, <a href="Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a>, <a href="Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a>, <a href="N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a>, <a href="Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a>, <a href="Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cape_Canaveral_-_astronautix.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape_Canaveral_-_astronautix.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>1958–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a>, <a href="Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a>, <a href="Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a>, <a href="Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a>, <a href="Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a>, <a href="Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a>, <a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>, <a href="Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">Minotaur IV</a>, <a href="Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a>, <a href="Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno</a>, <a href="Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>1959–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a>, <a href="Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a>, <a href="Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a>, <a href="Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a>, <a href="Taurus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus (rocket)">Taurus</a>, <a href="Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a>, <a href="Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a>, <a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>, <a href="Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a>, <a href="Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a><sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>1961–1985

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kapustin_Yar_–_astronautix.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapustin_Yar_–_astronautix.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>1962–2008

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span> <a href="Centre_interarm%C3%A9es_d'essais_d'engins_sp%C3%A9ciaux" title="Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux">CIEES</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>French Algeria

</td>

<td>1965–1967

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> A (France)

</td>

<td><a href="Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Plesetsk_-_astronautix.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plesetsk_-_astronautix.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>1966–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a>/<a href="Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a>, <a href="Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a>, <a href="Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">Tsyklon-3</a>, <a href="Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a>, <a href="Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a>, <a href="Start-1" title="Start-1">Start</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Broglio_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Broglio Space Centre">Broglio Space Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Kenya

</td>

<td>1967–1988

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> (<a href="Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a> and <a href="Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza</a>, Italy)

</td>

<td><a href="Broglio_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Broglio Space Centre">Broglio</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cape_Canaveral_-_astronautix.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape_Canaveral_-_astronautix.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>1967–

</td>

</td>

<td>17 <a href="Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a>, 135 <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, 63 <a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>, 11 <a href="Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>, 1 <a href="SLS_Block_1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLS Block 1">SLS</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a>, <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">STS</a>, <a href="List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">F9</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a></span></span> <a href="Woomera_Prohibited_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Woomera Prohibited Area">Woomera Prohibited Area</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>1967, 1971

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Redstone_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redstone (rocket)">Redstone</a> (<a href="WRESAT" title="WRESAT">WRESAT</a>), <a href="Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> (UK <a href="Prospero_X-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospero X-3">Prospero X-3</a>), <a href="Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a>

</td>

<td><a href="WRESAT" title="WRESAT">WRESAT</a>, <a href="Prospero_X-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospero X-3">X-3</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a></span></span> <a href="Uchinoura_Space_Center" title="Uchinoura Space Center">Uchinoura Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>1970–

</td>

</td>

<td>27 <a href="Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a>, 3 <a href="Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a>, 1 <a href="S-Series_(rocket_family)" title="S-Series (rocket family)">SS-520-5</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>French Guiana

</td>

<td>1970–

</td>

</td>

<td>7 <a href="Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a>, 227 <a href="Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a>, 16 <a href="Soyuz-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2 (rocket)">Soyuz-2</a>, 11 <a href="Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a>

</td>

<td>see 4 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>China

</td>

<td>1970–

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>See 8 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a></span></span> <a href="Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>1975–

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>see 6 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> <a href="Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>India

</td>

<td>1979–

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>China

</td>

<td>1984–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a>: 6 <a href="Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">LM2C</a>, 5 <a href="Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">LM2E</a>, 11 <a href="Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">LM3</a>, 25 <a href="Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">LM3A</a>, 42 <a href="Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">LM3B</a>, 15 <a href="Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">LM3C</a>

</td>

<td>See 6 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>China

</td>

<td>1988–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a>: 16 <a href="Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">LM2C</a>, 2 <a href="Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">LM2D</a>, 2 <a href="Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">LM4A</a>, 25 <a href="Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">LM4B</a>, 15 <a href="Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">LM4C</a>, 2 <a href="Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">LM6</a>

</td>

<td>See 6 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Israel" title="Israel"></a></span></span> <a href="Palmachim_Airbase" title="Palmachim Airbase">Palmachim Airbase</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Israel

</td>

<td>1988–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Various airport runways (<i><a href="Balls_8" title="Balls 8">Balls 8</a></i>, <i><a href="Stargazer_(aircraft)" title="Stargazer (aircraft)">Stargazer</a></i>)

</td>

<td>Various

</td>

<td>1990–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Svobodniy_–_astronautix.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svobodniy_–_astronautix.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>1997–2006

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Delta-class_submarine" title="Delta-class submarine">Delta-class submarine</a>

</td>

<td>Barents Sea

</td>

<td>1998, 2006

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Shtil'" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a> (Russia), <a href="Volna" title="Volna">Volna-O</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Shtil'" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Odyssey_(launch_platform)" title="Odyssey (launch platform)">Odyssey</a> mobile platform

</td>

<td>Pacific Ocean

</td>

<td>1999–2014

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">Zenit-3SL</a> (<a href="Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a>)

</td>

<td><a href="Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aw201004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw201004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>2001–

</td>

</td>

<td>1 <a href="Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a>, 2 <a href="Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur IV</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Kodiak_Launch_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodiak Launch Complex">Kodiak</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Yasny Cosmodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>2006–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a><sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>2006–

</td>

</td>

<td>5 <a href="Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur I</a>, 6 <a href="Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a>, 1 <a href="Minotaur_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minotaur (rocket)">Minotaur V</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Omelek" class="mw-redirect" title="Omelek">Omelek</a>, <a href="Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a>

</td>

<td>Marshall Islands

</td>

<td>2008–2009

</td>

</td>

<td>5 <a href="Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> (US)

</td>

<td><a href="Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Iran" title="Iran"></a></span></span> <a href="Semnan_Space_Center" title="Semnan Space Center">Semnan Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix.com_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Iran

</td>

<td>2009–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a>, <a href="Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a>, <a href="Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea"></a></span></span> <a href="Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station" title="Sohae Satellite Launching Station">Sohae Satellite Launching Station</a>

</td>

<td>North Korea

</td>

<td>2012–

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea"></a></span></span> <a href="Naro_Space_Center" title="Naro Space Center">Naro Space Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>South Korea

</td>

<td>2013–

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a>

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>2016–

</td>

</td>

<td>8 <a href="Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Wenchang_Satellite_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Satellite Launch Center">Wenchang Satellite Launch Center</a>

</td>

<td>China

</td>

<td>2016–

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a>: 9 <a href="Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">LM5</a>, 12 <a href="Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">LM7</a>, 2 <a href="Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">LM8</a>

</td>

<td>See 3 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1" title="Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1">Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1</a>

</td>

<td>New Zealand

</td>

<td>2018–

</td>

</td>

<td>21 <a href="Electron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron (rocket)">Electron</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Electron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron (rocket)">Electron (rocket)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> Dongfang Spaceport

</td>

<td>Yellow sea, East China sea

</td>

<td>2019–

</td>

</td>

<td>4 <a href="Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a>, 1 <a href="Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">SD3</a>, 1 CERES-1

</td>

<td>See 3 rockets

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Iran" title="Iran"></a></span></span> <a href="Shahroud_space_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahroud space center">Shahroud Space Center</a>

</td>

<td>Iran

</td>

<td>2020–

</td>

</td>

<td>3 <a href="Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a>,

</p>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="With_achieved_horizontal_launches_of_humans_to_100_km">With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km</h2></div>

<p>The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude, starting from a horizontal runway. All the flights were <a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital</a>.

</p>

<th>Spaceport

</th>

<th>Carrier aircraft

</th>

<th>Spacecraft

</th>

<th>Flights above 100 km

</th>

<th>Years

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>2

</td>

<td>1963

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Air and Space Port</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Scaled_Composites_White_Knight" title="Scaled Composites White Knight">White Knight</a>

</td>

<td><a href="SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>

</td>

<td>3

</td>

<td>2004

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Earth">Beyond Earth</h2></div>

<p>Spaceports have been proposed for locations on the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, orbiting the Earth, at Sun-Earth and Earth-Moon <a href="Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange points</a>, and at other locations in the <a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2012 Space Studies Program of the <a href="International_Space_University" title="International Space University">International Space University</a> studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS).<sup id="cite_ref-OASIS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OASIS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the "Node 1" spaceport with space tug services in <a href="Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to <a href="Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> by as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle). The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services including <a href="Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar ice</a> mining and delivery of rocket <a href="Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a> back to Node 1. This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out from <a href="Cislunar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">cislunar space</a>. The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moon <a href="Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> to enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings, missions beyond Mars, and return trips to Earth. In addition to propellant mining and refueling, the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution, in-space assembly and repair of spacecraft, communications relay, shelter, construction and leasing of infrastructure, maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use, and logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

<p>Space launch facilities have been colonial developments and have also been impacting its surroundings by destroying or polluting their environment,<sup id="cite_ref-r222_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r222-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r459_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r459-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating precarious cleanup situations.<sup id="cite_ref-r067_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r067-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">List of rocket launch sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="Range_safety" title="Range safety">Range safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital spaceflight</a></li></ul>

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</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Baikonur-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baikonur_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baikonur_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan, but it is operated by <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, and previously by the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Virginia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virginia_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virginia_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport is co-located with the Wallops Flight Facility.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spaceports" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Spaceports">Spaceports</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/spaceport" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/spaceport"><i>spaceport</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmsu.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/NMSGCBOK">U.S. Spaceports Online Reference Guide</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerospace.csis.org/data/spaceports-of-the-world/">Spaceports of the World</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheboyganwi.gov/spaceports-future-sea-to-space/">Sheboygan Spaceport’s Future – Sea to Space</a></li>

<li>HighBeam Research: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141058222.html?refid=hbr_nk">Spaceflight of fancy: Lawmakers question fiscal feasibility of Southern New Mexico's proposed spaceport; supporters count on jobs.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125022830/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141058222.html?refid=hbr_nk">Archived</a> 25 January 2013 at <a href="Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150228/http://www.overlookpress.com/categories/spaceport-earth-the-reinvention-of-spaceflight.html">Spaceport Earth: The Reinvention of Spaceflight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150228/http://www.overlookpress.com/categories/spaceport-earth-the-reinvention-of-spaceflight.html">Spaceport Earth: The Reinvention of Spaceflight - categories | Overlook Press</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceports38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spaceports38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chinese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Space Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li>

<li><a href="Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Chinese private launches: <a href="HICAL" title="HICAL">HICAL</a> (<a href="Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site">Wenchang Commercial</a>)</li>

<li>India: <a href="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a>

<ul><li><a href="Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stasiun_Peluncuran_Roket" title="Stasiun Peluncuran Roket">Pameungpeuk</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Semnan_Space_Center" title="Semnan Space Center">Semnan</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shahroud_Space_Center" title="Shahroud Space Center">Shahroud Space Center</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Israel: <a href="Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palmachim_Airbase" title="Palmachim Airbase">Palmachim</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Japanese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima</a></li>

<li><a href="Uchinoura_Space_Center" title="Uchinoura Space Center">Uchinoura</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Japanese private launches: <a href="Space_One" title="Space One">Space One</a>

<li>Kazakhstan<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Russia: <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> / <a href="Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sary_Shagan" title="Sary Shagan">Sary Shagan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station" title="Sohae Satellite Launching Station">Sohae</a></li></ul></li>

<li>South Korea: <a href="Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a>

<li>Pakistan: <a href="Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sonmiani_(space_facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonmiani (space facility)">Sonmiani</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Dombarovsky_(air_base)#Commercial_launches" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky / Yasny</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Norway: <a href="Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a>

<ul><li><a href="And%C3%B8ya_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Space Center">Andøya</a></li>

<li><a href="Svalbard_Rocket_Range" title="Svalbard Rocket Range">SvalRak</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li>

<li><a href="Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">INTA</a>

<ul><li><a href="El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">SSC</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a>

<ul><li><a href="Newquay_Airport#Spaceport_Cornwall" title="Newquay Airport">Spaceport Cornwall</a></li>

<li><a href="SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Government: <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral SFS</a> / <a href="Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">ER</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg SFB</a> / <a href="Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">WR</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Academic:

<ul><li><a href="Poker_Flat_Research_Range" title="Poker Flat Research Range">Poker Flat</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Private:

<ul><li><a href="Corn_Ranch" title="Corn Ranch">Corn Ranch</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Australia: <a href="Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a>

<ul><li><a href="RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Launch" title="Southern Launch">Southern Launch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Koonibba_Test_Range" title="Koonibba Test Range">Koonibba</a></li></ul></li>

<li>New Zealand: <a href="Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1" title="Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1">Mahia Peninsula</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Marshall<span class="nowrap"> </span>Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/<span class="nowrap"> </span>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Reagan Test Site</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Brazil: <a href="Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">FAB</a> / <a href="Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara</a></li>

<li><a href="Barreira_do_Inferno_Launch_Center" title="Barreira do Inferno Launch Center">Barreira do Inferno</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Europe: <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / France: <a href="CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>

<ul><li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana / Kourou</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Canada: <a href="Maritime_Launch_Services" title="Maritime Launch Services">Canso</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam</a></li>

<li>Indonesia: <a href="LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a>

<li>Japan:

<li><a href="Taiki_Multi-Purpose_Aerospace_Park" title="Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park">Hokkaido</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sweden: <a href="Spaceport_Sweden" title="Spaceport Sweden">Spaceport Sweden</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom: <a href="Sutherland_spaceport" title="Sutherland spaceport">Sutherland spaceport</a></li>

<li>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States:

<ul><li><a href="Cecil_Airport" title="Cecil Airport">Cecil</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinton-Sherman_Industrial_Airpark" title="Clinton-Sherman Industrial Airpark">Clinton-Sherman</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Colorado Air and Space Port">Colorado</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington</a></li>

<li><a href="Maine_Spaceport_Complex" title="Maine Spaceport Complex">Maine</a></li>

<li><a href="Midland_International_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Midland International Air and Space Port">Midland</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Spain:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="El_Hierro_Launch_Centre" title="El Hierro Launch Centre">El Hierro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Algeria / France:

<ul><li><a href="Centre_interarm%C3%A9es_d'essais_d'engins_sp%C3%A9ciaux" title="Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux">CIEES</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammaguir#Role_in_French_rocketry_and_spaceflight" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a></li>

<li><a href="Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Australia: <a href="Carnarvon%2C_Western_Australia#Aerospace" title="Carnarvon, Western Australia">Carnarvon</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="Churchill_Rocket_Research_Range" title="Churchill Rocket Research Range">Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Hall_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall Beach">Hall Beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Resolute_Bay" title="Resolute Bay">Resolute Bay</a></li>

<li>China: <a href="Base_603" title="Base 603">Guangde</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanhui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhui District">Nanhui</a></li>

<li>Nazi<span class="nowrap"> </span>Germany: <a href="V-2_missile_launch_site%2C_Blizna" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2 missile launch site, Blizna">Blizna</a></li>

<li><a href="Greifswalder_Oie" title="Greifswalder Oie">Greifswalder Oie</a></li>

<li><a href="Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a></li>

<li>Greece: <a href="Koroni#Rocket_launch_site" title="Koroni">Koroni</a></li>

<li>India: <a href="Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li>

<li>Italy: <a href="Salto_di_Quirra" title="Salto di Quirra">Salto di Quirra</a></li>

<li>Japan: <a href="Japan's_space_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's space development">Akita</a></li>

<li><a href="Obachi" title="Obachi">Obachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryori" title="Ryori">Ryori</a></li>

<li>Kenya / Italy: <a href="Broglio_Space_Center" title="Broglio Space Center">Broglio, Malindi</a></li>

<li>North Korea: <a href="Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground" title="Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground">Tonghae</a></li>

<li>Soviet Union / Russia: <a href="Ernst_Krenkel_Observatory" title="Ernst Krenkel Observatory">Kheysa</a></li>

<li><a href="Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny</a></li>

<li>Spain: <a href="El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li>

<li>Sweden:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="Kronog%C3%A5rd" title="Kronogård">Kronogård</a></li>

<li>USA: <a href="Edwards_Air_Force_Base#Space_Shuttle_support" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a>

<ul><li>Australia</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li>

<li><a href="Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a>

<ul><li><a href="Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a>

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li>

<li><a href="Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ASpaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Spaceport&oldid=1298950257">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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